It is easy to accept that genes influence aspects such as our physical appearance or predisposition to certain diseases, but it is becoming increasingly clear that our genetic heritage also has a direct impact on our emotions and how we cope with stress and mood. Genes play a key role in regulating chemicals that affect brain function, shaping the way we feel, think and respond to our environment.

One of the most studied examples is serotonin, a key neurotransmitter in the regulation of mood and social behaviour, commonly known as the ‘happiness chemical’. This neurotransmitter has a direct link to depression, as low levels of serotonin are often present in sufferers of this disorder. Genetic variations, known as polymorphisms, in serotonin-related genes, such as the serotonin transporter (SERT), can alter the efficiency with which this chemical is absorbed by nerve cells. This not only impacts on the levels of serotonin available, but also on an individual’s predisposition to experience depression. In addition, some studies have found that certain genes determine structural differences in people’s nerve cells, affecting their ability to produce, release and use serotonin effectively.

However, serotonin is not the only player in the complex balance of human emotions. A lesser-known but equally important chemical is galanin, a neuropeptide involved in processes such as pain regulation, sleep, wakefulness, blood pressure and, of course, mood. Galanin plays a prominent role in how the brain responds to stress and may make some people more vulnerable to experiencing anxiety or depression. The activity of galanin is particularly relevant to the development of mood disorders, as its action appears to amplify sensitivity to stress in certain individuals.

Research into genetic factors related to mental health has advanced considerably in recent years. Thanks to the study of the human genome, more than 250 genetic links have been identified that influence the likelihood of developing depression and anxiety. However, it is not a single gene that determines our mood, but an intricate network of interactions between multiple genetic variants. These interactions affect everything from the release and function of neurotransmitters to the structure and connectivity of synapses, the spaces between nerve cells where communication between neurons occurs.

For example, certain genes can influence the way in which nerve cells produce neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine, while others affect the structure of synapses, altering communication between neurons. This means that genetics establishes a kind of “base” or biological predisposition, but it does not act in isolation. It is the constant interaction between our genes, life experiences and environment that ultimately shapes the brain function and emotional state of each person.

The role of the environment and life experiences is equally crucial. Factors such as chronic stress, trauma, interpersonal relationships and socioeconomic conditions interact with our genetic biology to increase or decrease the risk of developing mood disorders. For example, a person with genetic variants that make him or her more sensitive to stress might experience greater emotional difficulties if faced with an unfavorable environment or traumatic events. However, those same variants may have a less significant impact if the person has a supportive environment or access to stress management strategies.

This highlights a crucial fact: although genetics may predispose to certain conditions, it does not completely determine a person’s emotional destiny. Instead, there is a constant dialogue between our genes and the environment, which provides us with opportunities to intervene and change outcomes. For example, treatments such as psychological therapy, medications that regulate neurotransmitters, and lifestyle-based interventions (such as regular exercise or a healthy diet) can positively influence this balance.

In conclusion, genetics and environment work together to shape our emotional well-being. From serotonin and galanin to complex genetic interaction networks, knowledge about these processes opens the door to more personalized and effective approaches to addressing mood disorders. With a better understanding of how genes and environment interact, we can not only identify those most at risk, but also design prevention and treatment strategies that respect each person’s uniqueness, offering a more hopeful future for those struggling with depression, anxiety and other emotional challenges.